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Download steep cost
Download steep cost








download steep cost

Because of water scarcity, new plantations generally take up to three years longer to establish and bear fruit compared to flat terrain sites. Reduced water retention capacity and high evapotranspiration often induce water stress that results in reduced yields ( Hofmann and Schultz, 2015). Dependent on the soil setting, intensified solar radiation often leads to problematic conditions on steep slopes. While this extra effort was initially marginal when all viticulture involved manual work, its disadvantage increased sharply with the growing mechanisation of flat terrain sites starting in the 1950s ( Schreieck, 2016 Strub et al., 2021a).Ĭlimate change has transformed the former climatic advantage of steep slopes for viticulture into a disadvantage. Viticulture on steep slopes has always been more burdensome than on flat terrain. Nowadays, steep slope viticulture faces threats on two fronts: cost and climate. Disadvantages from limited mechanisability and climate change These benchmarks also give agricultural policy reliable indicators of the subsidies required for preserving steep slope landscapes and of the support needed to transform manual steep slope sites into TTs.ġ. The estimated cost benchmarks provide critical input for steep slope wine growers’ cost-based pricing policy. Strategies to reduce the cost disadvantage are outlined. Under certain conditions, the transformation of manual steep slope sites into TTs can be a viable economic option. Climate change-related drought and yield losses further increase the economic unsustainability of steep slopes. Current subsidies fall short of covering the economic disadvantage of manual and rope-assisted steep slopes. The cost disadvantage of steep slopes mainly stems from viticultural processes with limited mechanisability that require specialised equipment and many repetitions. Manual management of steep slopes was determined to be 2.6 times more costly than standard flat terrain viticulture. The net present value (NPV) of reshaping slopes into horizontal terraces was also assessed. The costs for standard viticultural processes were compared across five site types with different mechanisation intensities by univariate analysis of variance with fixed and random effects. Costs were derived from a dataset of 2321 working time records for labour and machine hours from five German wine estates over three years. It also examined under what conditions the reshaping of steep slope vineyards into transversal terraces (TTs) is economically viable. This study quantified the production costs of different types of steep slopes, identified cost drivers within viticultural processes and assessed the impact of grape yield on the production cost for vertical shoot positioning (VSP) systems. The falling fallow of steep slope vineyards is caused by cost disadvantages that have not been analysed so far.










Download steep cost